When we speak of language functions, we're referring to the purpose of the speaker or sender who is using the language. The objectives and purposes of the person who is speaking will determine the dominant function. There are six existing ones and, depending on the function, a particular type of specific language will be used. Therefore, at OneHowTo we'll explain in detail what the different functions of language are.
Referential function
One of the main functions of language is informative, which in turn is also known as explanatory, representative or referential . This type of language is used to convey information in an objective way. It is one of the most obvious language functions in the majority of texts.
For example: Unemployment levels are down 5% this month.
Expressive function
In those cases where we use language to express feelings, emotions, moods, desires, etc. the function we encounter is expressive or emotive. This is directly linked to the subjectivity of the speaker or sender.
For example: Today I feel better than ever.
Directive function
If the sender wishes to draw the attention of the recipient and/or provoke a reaction from them, they will use the directive or appellate language function. The function is often a command or question so generally imperatives and interrogative modes are used.
For example: Take this book to Mary and tell her thank you.
Phatic function
Known as phatic or contact this function is used to start, stop or end a conversation, as well as to check for contact between sender and receiver. Good examples are the formulas used to greet or say goodbye.
For example: Hello, can you hear me okay?
Poetic function
Another function of language is poetic or aesthetic, used to focus on the message itself, embellishing it with rhetorical features or figures of speech to highlight its beauty. We mainly find them in literary texts but they may also be in more everyday texts, such as in the case of sayings and quotes.
For example: It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
Metalinguistic function
The last function of language is: metalinguistic. This is used to talk about language itself. Definitions of words or clarifications regarding language are an example.
For example: Language: the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
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